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“cultural id decides each new part of a single inwards and outwards.”

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Rising Human Anatomy Paragraphs

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Begin each physique paragraph utilizing a cohesive debate

Present some indicators predicated on actual life instances or sources

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“Philosophy of Life” had a huge impact on European culture and identity of XX century. This trend, in addition to Nietzsche, submitted names Art. Dilthey, Spengler, Bergson, G. Simmel. At considerable similarity of views of these thinkers, the interpretation of the concept of “life” they still have some differences, whereby it is possible to distinguish between biological, psychological and cultural interpretation.

In Nietzsche the concept of “life” means perpetual motion and development. What is it for him? “To live – that means: always reject from himself what he wants to die, to live – this means: being cruel and merciless to all that is weak and old here, and not just us.” The world lives single, integrated, eternal, despite the fact that eternal unstable and provides current, formation. In the controversy with previous ideas about the world, which are embodied in the concept of “two worlds”, Friedrich Nietzsche, in an ironic sense, using the terminology of classical philosophy, says: apparent “world-the only” real world “only him”. “Divide the world into” real and imaginary, still in the spirit or in the spirit of Christian or Kant (after treacherous Christian) is only a suggestion of decadence – a symptom of a downward life.” As part of the initial idea of the philosopher considers the world of knowledge, truth, science, art, and ultimately the culture as a whole.

Critical assessment culture

Nietzsche Thoughts on culture can be viewed in two perspectives: positive – claiming the possibility of forming a more perfect man, the creator of a culture that celebrated would not humiliated him; negative or critical – aimed at dispelling values and reassess the existing culture. The subject of his criticism is mainly European culture next to him two centuries, which sees it as apocalyptic: we Europeans are witnessing the spectacle of the terrible world of ruins, where a little more proudly stands where many and continues terribly stuck in place, and most of the has turned to ruins. The main ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche: the culture is sick, humanity is sick and degenerates in this culture imperfect man, he that “we must win.” Basic background and causes of the crisis Nietzsche sees those trends that determine the development of European culture: the supremacy of reason over instinct, the cult of reason, to recognize the priority of the spiritual over the corporal. “During the horrific periods of time intelligence is not produced nothing but errors” – proclaimed philosopher, therefore, that “there are numerous lapses of consciousness.” In light of his criticism falls just what was the basic desire of modern European culture: “This bad taste, this will to truth, to” truth at any cost.” He proposes to abandon the established culture of the New Age cult science and scientific truth, as a result of scientific progress of the world were the result of many mistakes and fantasies that humanity inherited, resulting in the substitution occurred truth lies in this construction lies happening all European culture. Modern culture that is based on science, it is Nietzsche as deeply hostile to life. Mind alien life, it destroys it, while never feeling cheated.

The ideal of a healthy society and culture for it is Greek civilization. In his early work “The Birth of Tragedy pessimism” (1872) Nietzsche refers to the analysis of ancient culture and examines the art of that time as full-blooded embodiment and manifestation of real life as a spontaneous, nothing except the will and instincts of the artist process. Art Science appeared before in human history, and thanks to him, according to Nietzsche, life and the world are justified only as an aesthetic phenomenon. In this paper are further developed ideas and Dionysian started, still present in the texts as I.. Goethe, FV. Schelling, romantic.

Dionysian principle – the priority instinctive will to live, the game of vitality, “intoxication” very essence of life beyond any controls or dictates of reason or intelligence. Apollonian principle, on the contrary – it dictates the mind or the mind, makes the ordering of life. These are interpreted as the beginning of a fundamentally different forces that erupt from the nature and appear as artistic force and only through artists’ artistic impulses of this nature get proximally and direct through their satisfaction. Towards the decline of culture and humanity begins with Socrates, then continues in the Christian period, but in the era of Friedrich Nietzsche reaches its climax. In ancient times, as he believed, there was a plurality of ethical and other values; every tribe, nation, people have their values other than the values of other communities. In addition, differentiation of society into nobles and slaves helped create a culture for slavery, in the opinion of Friedrich Nietzsche, must culture.

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It is a kind of being illogical, this is not a reality, but whose clever reality that culture grows. He – the irrational basis of culture, rather than precedes it historically phase. In contrast to the chaos of culture – is integrity, rational ordering, display art in its highest form – rationality. In these terms, the essence of the cultural phenomenon fundamentally opposed and interpretation of culture in the “philosophy of life” philosophy, meaning (Spengler, L. Bergson, L. Klages, R. Keyzerlynh etc.). However, as a whole humanistic oriented concept of the Polish thinker bears, especially in the early editions, reflection and spiritual aristocracy, expressed in the form cultural catastrophic prophecies. This is particularly evident in “The Decline of Western Civilization” (1921), in its basic content a broad stream of theories that predicted the imminent death of the Western European alternative culture in the extinction of the creative power elites and approval of mass social processes. Thus, the philosophy of culture typical of a sociological approach in the sense that the analysis of cultural phenomena and processes, and to characterize them involved agents he used sociological criteria and submission.

Each civilization, by forms an organic unity based on a particular set of ideas. Production of them is the main content of the civilization process as creativity. Examples explanation can be considered as the ideal definition of a covered imagination life forms that relates more to the artistic activity, the social. Developing ideals cannot be the fate of the bulk of society that is inert, inert, tends to routine acts. She – the inheritance only “intellectual aristocracy”, i.e. the totality of classes that are leading in this era. By means of creative leadership, intellectual achievement, not a property or another area. However, intellectual domination must inevitably supplemented by some mechanism of social and political power elite was able to force indifferent to creativity crowd assimilate acquired her values. A civilization can exist only insofar as it regularly is a mechanism of production values and their subsequent assimilation crowd.

“The aristocracy of spirit” to lose the creative ability that is always present as a trend, such as a privileged social status or stop receiving pulses due to the influx of creative individuals from the crowd. The disaster comes not only because of the degeneration of spiritual leaders, but also because of social upheavals. This type of destructive actions, especially dangerous for civilization, for it is generated mainly amateur masses, the crowd, which he considers rebellion and revolution. He writes that every war, every revolution liberates even the most organized social groups of crowd psychology that destroys much more than was originally intended. Thus, the real cause of the crisis of European civilization, which pushes to a catastrophic end, is, according, socio-political situation in the position of the lower classes, their activity, conflict with the leader of the company, claims to dominance, that mass democratic movement. Burglar efforts “leading minority” created the basis of Western civilization values that guarantee this painless evolution and even progress. Thinker calls the seven core values or ideals of spiritual elite “ideal domination over nature”, which gave impetus to the development of technical progress; “Ideal wealth – public and private”, in which a welfare society and entrepreneurship; “National and democratic ideal”, whereby the state is public purposes; ideal of compassion for people that leads to improving the living conditions of man; Finally, religious, aesthetic ideals and values of science. In its

Essentially this value code elitist society with a broad altruistic program, presented in rather abstract and recommended as a means of subjugation and domination of the weight of its destructive impulses. Concerned about the prospect of deviations from these values, which is equivalent to the destruction of the foundations of society provided to them as disaster did all.

Importance theory is not in his thoughts about the death of Western civilization, provided that the prevailing trend is not there are stopped, persist, and this development is not shifting to new goals. It is – in accented raising the question of values as the main promoter of productive social and cultural process. Despite what axiology PA by the then received fairly wide development and rooted in the humanities, to no one with such dramatic urgency not raised the question of what moral values – is not the scope of the other world, and a direct product of real human activity. Their development and maintenance is the creation, without which culture is impossible. Cultural Society threatened death only if the area of human activity where they are created, and cease to be amazed.

Sociologist believes that there are certain areas of social activity within the competence of a particular social group – the elite, which is the main function provide production and maintenance of the spiritual values and ideas. He himself went on to further focus on the social conditions of values of creativity and culture.

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Toynbee wrote that “growing civilization different from static primitive societies dynamic movement taking place in their social systems by creative individuals.” The creative minority is designed to respond to the challenge posed by the environment, i.e. external factors. The “external factor” is to transform the “inner creative impulse” permanent stimulus that promotes the realization of potential. The creative minority directs the development of civilization, provides a continuous process of disclosing this potential internal tensions and its self-expression through problem solving. The development of civilization occurs when an individual, minority or society as a whole answers the call, not just for his matches, and is also responsible for a new challenge, which in turn requires further responses creative variations.

But society is not only a creative minority, but with most tedious. In this regard, AJ. Toynbee raises the problem of interaction: most will remain behind, while pioneers cannot think of any way to pull an inert rearguard to its own level. That means he believes mimesis. However mimesis differently acting in primitive and civilized society. In primitive society it is aimed at the older generation and the dead ancestors, leading society to a static state. In societies that are in the process of civilization mimesis, imitation is aimed at creative individuals who are pioneers. “The problem pulling tedious to ordinary members of the creative pioneers on the scale of society can be resolved only through an absolute ability mimesis – one of the least exalted faculties of human nature that has more to training than to inspiration.” Mimesis he believes the shortest path to purchase social “assets” – in the form of abilities, emotions and ideas.

The flowering of civilization is characterized by its internal cohesion, unity and solidarity. A distinctive feature of growing civilization is that it is at this stage only some social whole in which economic, political and cultural elements combined internal harmony growing social system. But when society begins to disintegrate and, one of the symptoms of this disease is the division of social cultural, political and economic elements, creating a painful dissonance. Thus, the development of civilization, AJ. Toynbee is not defined or development of technology itself, nor geography, nor the conquest of nature, but primarily internal cohesion of its members.

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• Abstract is thought out to be a short statement that describes your report completely; goals achieved, what has been concluded, fulfilled, and decided.
• An introductory paragraph is though out to be a section that shows your supporting knowledge and goals. The introductory paragraph will emphasize the main body (where you point out what will be done).

When writing a report paper, do not confuse the introductory paragraph with abstract; all of them have different goals. Misconception lies in the fact that one issue is only variant of the other one (the introductory paragraph is a reduced and rewritten form of abstract section).

Abstract

Many reports require abstract section. Nevertheless, it is more significant for technical reports and documents with scientific nature.

• Abstract is a brief passageway that offers a short outline on which had been decided, achieved, concluded in the report.
• Abstract should be out on the single page.
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• When you are engaged in report writing online, keep in mind that an abstract is just one section of report that will undoubtedly be read by a manager or client.

Introduction

The goal of the introductory paragraph is to indicate what you were required to accomplish.

Conclusion

The section of conclusions is the part of the paper read by clients most frequently. You know how to write a report successfully only in the case when you help your clients to comprehend the significance of the work, accomplishments and whether your goals were effective or not. Even in view of failure, e.g., the experiments do not operate, appropriate conclusions would show an awareness of everything you realized. Here are the ways, which will help to achieve that:

• Note methods used and the equipment pitfalls
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• Outline possible guidelines (suggestions intended for the further research). Guidelines may develop a separate heading in case of need.

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He believes that art is certainly “hewn our manners and taught our passions prepared to speak the language,” but made people more intricate and their luck “deceptively low uniformity”; as a result, “people are hesitant to give up what they have.” JJ Rousseau writes about the origin of human behavior stereotypes, formed by art, promotes their canonization, regulation, regulation. He regretted that all this leads to loss of natural rights, so that you never know how to do, who you’re dealing; No more, no sincere friendship, no genuine respect nor reasonable confidence, but a number of defects characterizes modern society. Conclusion JJ Rousseau is very disappointing, “Our souls in As were perfected our spiders and art.”

He drew attention to the fact that the moral decline with increasing spider Arts and emerged not only among European nations, took place in Egypt, Greece, the Eastern Empire. Luxury and debauchery were at all times the penalty for all human attempts to withdraw from the happy ignorance. He is trying to determine the true cause of Sciences’ Astronomy was born from superstition, eloquence of ambition, hatred, flattery, lies, geometry from avarice, physics out of curiosity all of them, and even the morale with them from human pride. science and art, therefore, owe their origin to our vices, we would have less doubt their benefits if their origin they must have our virtues.

Opinions JJ Rousseau betrays pragmatism, science useless, they are born of idleness, the first damage caused by their society an irreparable loss of time. JJ Rousseau castigates few actual ignorance and mental knowledge; As an example of this imaginary knowledge he questions the opportunity to grasp the truth the leitmotif of all scientific research in modern times. In addition, he is interested in who sets the criterion of truth, on what grounds it can be distinguished? And the hardest, according to JJ Rousseau if such criteria still to be found, who will be able to use it properly?

In the writings of JJ Rousseau palpable longing for a model of social relations in which the true nature of man was distorted layers of false reasoning, conventions and prejudices. Detrimental effects of Sciences is the impairment of virtue for a man is judged only from the standpoint of his wit, knowledge, status occupied by them, but not virtue. He puts forward the concept of “natural man” a holistic, healthy, biologically, morally honest and fair. The prototype of all goodness and prosperity, the criterion of highest value he becomes nature. Receive free development of nature leads to the complete victory of feelings, not reason, instinct rather than reflection, self-preservation, not oppression. Man is not only the mind and feelings and passion.

Philosophers largely different from look at art, and especially the theater. If educators saw in the theater platform for promoting new ideas, JJ Rousseau believes that theatrical spectacle a fun and quite useless, it is bad for creatures whose age is so short and precious time. Theatrical performances defined deliver them happy, not use. According to JJ Rousseau, art, science and literature are in line with prejudice, all based on false premises. Because society cannot save them and return to nature, the way “denaturalization man.” He believes that we should rely on existing in the human potential to the good. Refine: JJ Rousseau is not against reason and culture in general, it is against this reason and culture of achievement that not notice certain features of man’s inner world, but it is connected with it the possibility of radical change in society. Philosopher shows contradictory social progress.

He was one of the first flaws noticed project and gave a warning movement towards humanity scientific and technical rationality, which leads to increased alienation of man from himself and the results of their work to the increasing income inequality and deterioration of manners. As a spider, and thus culture can no longer move forward on the same path, JJ Rousseau calls choose a completely different direction.

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And put forward by the German thinker was the most attractive between modernist art and the pursuit of innovation. Something else occurred fate artistic heritage of the German philosopher in the second half of the century, when they were spotted, and actualized involved in the creative process and some other ideas reinterpreted old. It was possible that more mature Nietzsche emphasized no longer metaphysical purpose of art, and its gaming nature.

And that it is adjacent to the tradition that comes from Friedrich Schiller and Kant W. justifies game concept art. Art is an illusion, a game poet a liar. Nietzsche regarded art as a “cult invalid”, considered the perception of art as a “good will to illusion.” Art is interpreted as preparation for life and the nose needed rest. The real struggle of life and infinitely complicated human activity is represented in art simplified, reduced form. The need for art lies in the fact that it gives the illusion of a simplified world, reduced solution mysteries of life. “Without this illusion, as without sleep cannot do none of the suffering of life. The harder the life, the stronger the desire for the illusion of simplicity.

Because F. Nietzsche art for the holidays. This feature is coming art is described in detail in the following philosophers who noticed a common symptom of the new art, translucent with all its manifestations: moving art from the sphere of life, “serious” in the gaming sector. Off highly pathetic character who two centuries ago adopted the aesthetic pleasure, now completely weathered.

This feature art of XX century. Has said Ortega: “Art was a serious thing, almost sacred. Sometimes it for example, on behalf of Schopenhauer and Wagner claimed the salvation of the human race, no less!” ironically Spanish philosopher. Indeed, today, the scientific and artistic creativity sometimes can be seen as high sports passion fruit. In late Nietzsche find that creativity this is vanity, bad taste, senior people are engaged in creative work (he, note did not try to confirm these judgments own way of life). Artists like he said, engaged in flames, use tools to make things beautiful, attractive, worthy of desire. All this we must learn from the artists, and the other to be wiser than them. For this subtle power usually stops them wherever terminated art and life begins, “We want to be the poets of our lives, and, especially in the smallest and the everyday. “These and other ideas were Friedrich Nietzsche later life in contemporary culture, philosophy, art practice and art history. His original way of seeing, marked by modern researchers altered.

As “metaphorical journey eyes” helped to shape a new way of thinking, a special interpenetration of philosophical and artistic discourses. The impact of his ideas is felt in the concepts of many great thinkers of the XX century. In particular representatives of the “philosophy of life” of psychoanalysis, theorists of the Frankfurt School, postmodernism.

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By interpreting the idea appealed Heidegger, linking it with another major and original concept of his philosophy – the will to power, which in Nietzsche is the main feature of all things. It is this being, according to M. Heidegger, is not infinite, the forward movement of a particular purpose; it is a constant will to power, restores itself in nature. G. Deleuze proposed interpretation of Nietzsche’s idea of eternal return is linked to the concept of cyclical patterns old, returns are not the same, but excellent, which claims will be different. And M. Heidegger and G. Deleuze saw in the concept of Friedrich Nietzsche highest form of strengthening the fullness of life, which is possible only if the repetition that brings joy differences and diversity of life.

In Nietzsche different ideas at different times received very controversial. Here are a few authoritative judgments. (Economic materialism presented by Marx and abstract Tolstoy). Without going into a detailed coverage of how domestic thinker interprets the idea of the superman, give only his opinion on the fact that “the completeness of man as an organic type does not contradict recognized us the truth in the human desire to become bigger and better their reality, or become a superman.”

Other domestic thinkers began XX century. LS Frank praised the idea of superman as the supreme moral value expresses the cultural development of the human and ethical system described Nietzsche as “the ethics of love to far.” Reading the book “Thus spoke Zarathustra” shocked its atmosphere depths of spiritual life, spiritual Bourne from which it emanated.

Most of the ideas of Nietzsche was popular in the artistic medium. Many modifications have taken place in the artistic culture of the XX century. can be considered in the light of ideas that were perceived not only as artists next program, but as time proved, proved quite a prophet.

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Under the influence of scientific trends doctrine of man and humanity acquired in the XVIII century. kind of scientific research, less abstract talked about good and evil, the “eternal” human nature; the study of human nature have increasingly been brought political economy, legal, historical material. Belief in the infallibility of the machining program was like a religious faith and, just as the latter for his study theology attracted first was based on respectively (positive) philosophy of science. Only in the West and elsewhere there was a science in this comprehensive form. Universalist claims of science, faith in progress as the goal of social development, hypertrophied universal rationality set the tone modern culture.

Strengthening this philosophy in XVII-XVIII centuries. similar coup in people’s minds, and it was no less spectacular than the one that occurred in the Middle Ages and was associated with the strengthening of Christianity. The world seemed and purpose of natural science knowledge of nature acted disclosure inherent objective laws. The science of modern times sought to ensure that no with time: the search for the fundamental structures of perception, language, aesthetic experience, and so on. D. Triumphal march of science seemed just about complete explanation of the mysteries of the world and man, and that in such sensations fate stepped era saw Weber, “with its characteristic rationalization and intellectualization and, above all world.”

Reached the Enlightenment belief in its peak progress of human knowledge strengthened the idea of one-way movement history. clear “reasonableness” as opposed to “The Passion” was seen as a panacea educators improvement of society. Progress conceived them as the gradual penetration of European civilization in all regions of the world, which, in their opinion, remained outside the trunk line history. This approach to the assessment of the socio gradually embodied in concept, in which science is treated as the best means of resolving any human problems inevitably contributes to harmony and order.

The most vivid educational ideas were outlined in the writings of French thinkers. The main provisions, despite some differences between them can be summarized as follows:

• the rule of faith in the unlimited power of reason; study the idea of universality of human nature;
• the ability to create logically connected system of laws and generalizations, instead of a cluster of errors, mental, superstitions, dogmas that exist among people;
• belief that previous periods of human culture devoid of appeal (except classical antiquity, the Renaissance), because it was a time of deep sleep, the human spirit, wild barbarism and superstition;
• the belief that as educating people and improving their customs laws of the mind will act in a more obvious;
• the belief that people’s actions according to the laws of reason open great prospects for humanity, which affect the foundation of the harmonious development of human society;
• intends to use the study formed inanimate methods of knowledge to the field of human relations, politics, ethics, leading to mechanistic (restriction of the diversity of public relations cause-effect relationships) and determinism.

As mentioned above, particularly important in the ideology of the Enlightenment took the idea of progress, although various representatives of this intellectual movement it differently. In some cases, it spread to all epochs of human history since the dawn of civilization (JA Condorcet), others – saw its application only selectively, that is, in some periods, such as in the classical hundred in the Renaissance (Voltaire). This idea can be seen as an extension of the linear intentions Christian idea of history. Christian historiosophy reduced essentially a straight line, the description of which begins in the first chapters of Genesis, and ends with the Apocalypse. In XVIII century. almost simultaneously began extracting God from science education and the emergence of faith in progress. Educational ideology made the first God of the brackets (saying: “I do not need this hypothesis”), and then completely refused him the right to exist, instead offering only one idea – the idea of progress. Based on this idea eventually grew theory of evolution as the Marxist theory “about the bright future of mankind”. Same note, the idea of linear progress was in the XVIII century only.

Diderot saw progress as aberration (from the Latin. Aberratio – stray, err): State ripen and fall as fruit trees. JL D’Alembert, KA Helvetius. III. L. Montesquieu, E. Gibbon, John. Viko inclined to the idea of circulation, although it was interpreted ambiguously. However, it was popular idea in the next. Representative of the French Enlightenment Voltaire (1694-1778) clearly articulated the idea that, despite the accident, zigzags, margins, developing human history ascendant. In the story “Candida” he sharply parodies the idea of pre-established harmony, and in the “Essay on the customs and spirit of Nations” says that the idea – the driving force of history. This position thinker expressed optimism outlook, supported the general belief in the mind as the transformative power of human culture and society.

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Toynbee in random, sometimes figurative manner. Here is an example one explanation: “Primitive society as we know them from direct observation, can be likened to people lying in a state of hibernation on a mountain ledge between the upper and lower cliffs. Civilization can be likened to companions of sleepers that are already up and started to climb rock up “The author does not insist on its proposed among civilizations, believing that a thorough investigation can narrow or expand the list opposite. In addition, the genesis of civilizations determines the inevitable changes in the list. The fundamental feature in its classification – the degree of continuity: “Fifteen of our societies are affiliated in respect of the same species precursors”. “These make up fifteen groups other than those six, which we can see arising directly from primitive life.” This latter group he includes Egyptian, Sumerian, Minoan, ancient Chinese, Mayan and Andean society”.

In this number were detained in the development of civilizations and not paying attention to underdeveloped, it gets number 26.” Of the twenty-six are at least sixteen dead and forgotten. The remaining ten – a Western society, the main trunk of Orthodox Christianity in the Middle East, its branch in Russia, Islamic society, Hindu society, the main trunk of the Far Eastern society in China and its branch in Japan and three detainees civilization Polynesians, Eskimos and nomads. “The setting nature and character of civilizations AJ. Toynbee is not categorical, it seeks to take into account many as separate civilizations (“death throes”, “danger of destruction or assimilation, “fracture traces” and crossing railway “Stages of decay”), so they used the terminology for the classification is varied, and flourished, fossils and detained in the development of independent and synthetic separated (isolated) and partitioned spatially overlap geographically separate from other primary and secondary, developed and underdeveloped, independent civilization, and civilization-wide historical material.

Toynbee carefully examines the nature of some environmental places of origin were actually civilizations from designates outstanding human achievements, notes easy and difficult living conditions, compares different difficulty levels, stimulating effect of the environment, and concludes that the light conditions unfavorable for civilization. He said that impetus to the development of civilization is the stronger, the more severe environmental conditions.

Consideration of the environment, it similarly calls for consideration of the human environment. Here he distinguishes impact on society or the state of their neighbors when the human environment they face is “foreign” or “alien”. Otherwise, when one social class (the term “class” is used here in its broadest sense) affects another within the same community – relations are “internal” or “domestic”.

Arnold Toynbee details the features of external influences, “pressure” and “limit”. In addition, it considers the incentive of severe and “new earth”, illustrating their manifestations in specific historical. In result, he concludes that” civilization not unusually light, but extremely difficult to live environment. This in turn led us to wonder whether we have to deal here with an example of a social law which can be expressed in the formula: “the greater the challenge, the greater the incentive”. But then the question arises: what can happen if the call will be excessive?

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